As each job is isolated in its own runner you cannot use your built image between jobs (except for [self-hosted runners](https://docs.github.com/en/actions/hosting-your-own-runners/about-self-hosted-runners)).
However, you can [pass data between jobs in a workflow](https://docs.github.com/en/actions/guides/storing-workflow-data-as-artifacts#passing-data-between-jobs-in-a-workflow)
using the [actions/upload-artifact](https://github.com/actions/upload-artifact) and [actions/download-artifact](https://github.com/actions/download-artifact)